Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Systems; Contents; Chapter 1 Introduction; 1.1 Background and Motivation; 1.2 Typical System Architecture; 1.3 Intended Readership for This Book; Reference; Chapter 2 Wireless Devices and Sensor Networks; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Energy Requirements of Autonomous Devices; 2.2.1 From Mobile Phones to MP3 Players; 2.2.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID); 2.2.3 Wireless Sensor Networks; 2.3 Enabling Technologies: Devices and Peripherals; 2.3.1 Low-Power Microcontrollers and Transceivers; 2.3.2 Sensors, Peripherals, and Interfaces; 2.4 Wireless Communication
2.4.1 Communication Protocols and Power Requirements2.4.2 Energy-Aware Communication Protocols; 2.5 Energy-Awareness in Embedded Software; 2.5.1 Operating Systems and Software Architectures; 2.6 Alternative Nonrenewable Power Sources; 2.6.1 Direct Transmission; 2.7 Discussion; References; Chapter 3 Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Background; 3.2.1 Semiconductor Basics; 3.3 Solar Cell Characteristics; 3.4 Module Characteristics; 3.5 Irradiance Standards; 3.5.1 Outdoor Operation; 3.5.2 Indoor Operation; 3.6 Efficiency Losses; 3.6.1 Intrinsic Losses; 3.6.2 Extrinsic Losses
3.6.3 Module Losses3.7 Device Technologies; 3.7.1 Silicon Wafers; 3.7.2 Single Crystal and Multicrystalline Devices; 3.7.3 Amorphous Silicon; 3.7.4 Thin Film Polycrystalline Silicon; 3.7.5 Multijunction Silicon; 3.7.6 Cadmium Telluride/Cadmium Sulphide; 3.7.7 Copper Indium (Gallium) Disselenide; 3.7.8 Single and Multijunction III-V Cells; 3.7.9 Emergent Technologies; 3.8 Photovoltaic Systems; 3.8.1 Basic System; 3.8.2 Charge Controllers; 3.8.3 DC-DC Converters and Maximum Power Point Tracking; 3.8.4 Miniaturization and Low-Power Systems; 3.8.5 Device Technology; 3.8.6 Systems Considerations
3.9 SummaryReferences; Chapter 4 Kinetic Energy Harvesting; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Kinetic Energy-Harvesting Applications; 4.2.1 Human; 4.2.2 Industrial; 4.2.3 Transport; 4.2.4 Structural; 4.3 Inertial Generators; 4.4 Transduction Mechanisms; 4.4.1 Piezoelectric Generators; 4.4.2 Electromagnetic Transduction; 4.4.3 Electrostatic Generators; 4.4.4 Transduction Damping Coefficients; 4.4.5 Microscale Implementations; 4.5 Operating Frequency Range; 4.5.1 Frequency Tuning; 4.5.2 Strategies to Broaden the Bandwidth; 4.6 Rotary Generators; 4.7 Example Devices; 4.7.1 Human-Powered Harvesters
4.7.2 Conventional Generators for Industrial and Transport Applications4.7.3 Microscale Generators; 4.7.4 Tuneable Generators; 4.8 Conclusions and Future Possibilities; 4.8.1 Piezoelectric Generators; 4.8.1 Piezoelectric Generators; 4.8.2 Electromagnetic Generators; 4.8.3 Electrostatic Generators; 4.8.4 Summary; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 5 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Principles of Thermoelectric Devices; 5.2.1 Thermoelectric Effects; 5.2.2 Thermoelectric Devices; 5.3 Infl uence of Materials, Contacts, and Geometry

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